Several studies in recent years have documented that the pervasiveness of witchcraft beliefs erodes trust (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276872). Other studies, focusing on West African party systems, attempted to explain why countries in which witchcraft beliefs are more widespread, party systems are more stable (https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200231203017).

Oddly enough, if one goes beyond West Africa or Francophone Africa, one finds that as witchcraft beliefs become more common, the party system becomes more unstable (more fluid, hence the use of the index of fluidity). See: